List of copyright terms of countries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Worldwide map of copyright term length

Copyright is the right to copy and publish a particular work. The terms "copy" and "publish" are quite broad. They include copying in electronic form, the making of translated versions, the creation of a television program based on the work, and putting the work on the Internet. A work is protected by copyright if it is a literary or artistic work. This general expression covers almost all products of creative and original effort. Copyright protects only the specific expression of an idea, not the idea itself. A collection of facts may be copyrighted if there was creative activity involved in compiling the collection. Several countries provide separate protection for collections of facts that qualify as "databases", but that provision is not considered copyright. Copyright protection is automatic upon creation of the work. In some countries, registration with a copyright office has additional benefits, such as the ability to sue, or to receive more money in damages. When a work's copyright term ends, the work passes into the public domain.

Berne Convention[edit]

Map of the world showing signatory states of the Berne Convention
Signatory states of the Berne Convention

The Berne Convention stipulates that the duration of the term for copyright protection is the life of the author plus at least 50 years after their death. For some categories of works, the minimum duration is shorter: for example, the minimum term for applied art is 25 years, movies have a minimum term of 50 years. Most countries have opted for a longer term of protection, as permitted.

Under the Convention, the duration of copyright depends on the length of the author's life. Berne specifies that copyright exists a minimum of 50 years after the author's death, while a number of countries, including the European Union and the United States, have extended that to 70 years after the author's death. A small number of countries have extended copyright even further, with Mexico having the lengthiest term at 100 years after the author's death.

United States[edit]

In 1989, the Berne Convention became effective in the U.S. Since that date, U.S. authors obtain copyright on their works automatically, with registration no longer required. However, many U.S. texts on copyright have not been updated and still echo the old registration principle.

Copyright registration remains available in the U.S. To initiate a lawsuit against an infringer, registration is still required. Registration offers the potential of statutory damages from the infringer, rather than only actual damages.[clarification needed]

European Union[edit]

All countries within the European Union are signatory states of the Berne Convention. Additionally, Copyright in the European Union is regulated through European Directives.

The member states of the European Union have, following a directive, increased the term to life of the author plus 70 years after their death. Although this was not the original intention, the extension applies retroactively; this had the effect that works that had ended up in the public domain because the author was dead for 50 years, received an additional twenty years of protection.

European countries follow the principle that copyright protection is granted automatically upon creation of the work. This principle was first established in the Berne Convention (1886), and Article 5 of the Convention expressly forbids any member country to require formal action for copyright protection.

Copyright duration by country[edit]

Countries and respective copyright terms, with length of standard copyright in years are listed. Entries for non-country entities are included: the European Union, Berne Convention, and the Universal Copyright Convention, which set minimum terms for their member states or signatories. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), though not included, requires a copyright length of at least 50 years after death.

Legend[edit]

  • 0, no copyright = Not copyrighted
  • Life + xx years = Copyrighted for authors' lifetime plus xx years after their deaths
  • xx years after publication, creation, etc. = copyrighted for xx years since publication, creation, etc., of works
  • Until year end = Copyrighted until the end of a calendar year, i.e. 31 December, unless otherwise specified
  • Berne = Country has signed the Berne Convention, see Berne in the "Countries, ..." column
  • TRIPS = The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. This also indicates that this country has at least a minimum of 50 years after the death of the creator until the copyright expires.
  • WCT = The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty, (WIPO Copyright Treaty or WCT), is an international treaty on copyright law adopted by the member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1996.

Table of copyright duration by country[edit]

Countries, areas, and entities Copyright terms based on authors' deaths[a] Copyright terms based on publication and creation dates[a] Until year end?
Afghanistan Life + 50 years[1] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[1]


50 years from publication (published after authors' deaths)[1]
50 years from publication (audiovisual works)[1]
50 years from publication (photographic, painting works)[1]
50 years from creation (phonogram)[1]

Yes (Afghan calendar)[1]
 Albania Life + 70 years[2]: Art. 17  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[2]: Art. 18 


70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (photographic or audiovisual work of joint authorship)[3]
25 years from production (works of applied art)[2]: Art. 20 

Yes[2]: Art. 21 
 Algeria Life + 50 years (except posthumous work)[4]: Art. 54  50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (collective work, anonymous or pseudonymous work, audiovisual work, posthumous work)[4]: Arts. 56–58, 60 

50 years from creation (photographs or the work of applied art)[4]: Art. 59 

Yes[4]: Arts. 54, 56–58, 60 
 Andorra Life + 70 years[b][5]: Art. 18(1), (4)  70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (collective work with unknown authorship)[5]: Art. 18(3) 

70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[5]: Art. 18(5) 

Yes[5]: Art. 18(8) 
 Angola Life + 50 years[6]


Life + 25 years (photographic works or applied arts)[6]

Yes[6]
 Anguilla Life + 50 years[7] 50 years from the death of the author, of the last surviving author for works with more than one author.[7]
 Antigua and Barbuda Life + 50 years[8][9]: s. 10(1)  50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (anonymous or pseudonymous work, computer generated work, sound recording or film)[9]: s. 10(2), (4), 11(1) 


50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service[9]: s. 12(1) 
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)[9]: s. 13 

Yes[9]: s. 10(1), 10(2), (4), 11(1), 12(1), 13 
Argentina Argentina Life + 70 years[10]: Art. 5  50 years from publication (anonymous intellectual works belonging to institutions, corporations or legal persons)[10]: Art. 8 
Phonograms: 70 years from first publication.[11][12][13][14]
Photographs: 20 years from first publication.[15]
Cinematographic works: 50 years after death of the last survivor among the producer, the director, the screenplay writer or the composer (for musical comedies).[15] 		Yes[10]: Art. 5 
 Armenia Life + 70 years[16]: Art. 37  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[16]: Art. 37  Yes[16]: Art. 37 
 Aruba Life + 50 years[17](wikisource)
Australia Australia (including external territories) Life + 70 years[18]: s. 33 


[Life + 50 years (death before 1955)][19]

70 years from publication (sound recordings, cinematograph films)[18]: s. 93, 94 


50 years after making (television broadcasts and sound broadcasts)[18]: s. 95 
25 years from publication (published editions of works)[18]: s. 96 
[50 years from publication (photographs, no longer applicable since 1 January 2005)][19]

Yes[18]: ss. 93–96 [19]
 Austria Life + 70 years[c][20]: § 60, 62 [21] 70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[20]: § 61  Yes[20]: § 64 
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Life + 70 years (except posthumous work published at first time during 30 years)[22]: Art. 25  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work; posthumous work published at first time during 30 years)[22]: Art. 25, 26  Yes[22]: Art. 25, 26 
 Bahamas Berne
 Bahrain Life + 50 calendar years (except posthumous work)[23]: Art. 31(1)  50 calendar years from publication (cinematographic films, applied arts works and photographs; anonymous or pseudonymous works; corporate works; posthumous works)[23]: Art. 31(2)(a–d) 

40 years from publication or 50 years from completion, whichever is shorter (computer software)[23]: Art. 31(3) 

Bangladesh Bangladesh Life + 60 years or Publication + 60 years[24]: s. 24  60 years from publication (cinematographic films,[24]: s. 26  sound recordings,[24]: s. 27  photographs,[24]: s. 28  computer programmes[24]: s. 28A  or works of the Government, local authority or an international organisation[24]: ss. 30–32 ) Yes[24]: s. 24, 26, 27, 28, 28A, ss. 30–32 
 Barbados Life + 50 years[25][26]: s. 10(1)  50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[26]: s. 10(3) 


50 years from making (computer-generated work)[26]: s. 10(4) 
50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (sound recordings and films)[26]: s. 11 
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service[26]: s. 12 
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)[26]: s. 13 

Yes[26]: ss. 10–13 
 Belarus Life + 50 years[27]: Art. 22(1)  50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[27]: Art. 22(2) 


50 years from fixation (performance)[27]: Art. 38(1) 
50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from fixation (phonogram)[27]: Art. 38(2) 
50 years from the first broadcast or cable transmission[27]: Art. 38(3) 

Yes[27]: Arts. 22(4), 38(4) 
 Belgium Life + 70 years[28] Yes[28]
 Belize Life + 50 years[29] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[29]
50 years from publication (sound recording or film)[29]
50 years from publication (computer-generated work)[29] 		Yes
 Benin Life + 50 years
 Bermuda Life + 50 years[30]
Berne Convention signatories Life + 50 years[31]


Signatories may grant longer terms.[32]

50 years from publication or if not shown 50 years from creation (cinematographic works)[33]


50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[34]
25 years from creation (photographic works)[35]
Signatories may grant longer terms.[32]

Yes[36]
 Bhutan Life + 50 years[37]
 Bolivia Life + 50 years[38]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Life + 70 years[39]
 Botswana Berne, TRIPS, WCT[40]
 Brazil Life + 70 years(economical rights) Economical rights

Publication+70 years(audiovisual and photograpical works)

Publication+70 years (anonymous and pseudonymous works)

Neighboring rights

Creation+70 years (phonograms, transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organization, and public performance in other cases.)

Others

Publication+50 years, if unpublished creation+50 years (computer programs)

Yes[41]: arts. 41, 44 
 British Indian Ocean Territory Life + 70 Years
 British Virgin Islands Life + 70 Years
 Brunei Life + 50 years[42]
 Bulgaria Life + 70 years (EU)[43]
 Burkina Faso Life + 70 years[44]
 Burundi Life + 50 years

[45]

50 years from publication (phonograms)[45]
 Cambodia Life + 50 years[46]
Cameroon Cameroon Life + 50 years[47]
Canada Canada Life + 70 years (except certain posthumous works)[48][49]


[Life + 50 years (death before 1972)]

75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter (anonymous works). There is no revival of copyright in any work in which the copyright had expired before the coming into force in January 2023 of the extension of the term of copyright from 50 to 70 years.


50 years from publication (certain posthumous works)[50]

Yes[50]
 Cape Verde Life + 50 years[3]
 Cayman Islands unknown
 Central African Republic Berne, TRIPS
 Chad Berne, TRIPS
Chile Chile Life + 70 years[51]
China China (mainland only) Life + 50 years (citizens' works)[52]: para. 1  50 years from publication, or if unpublished, 50 years from creation (works of legal entities, cinematographic works, films or photographic works)[52]: paras. 2–3  Yes[52]
 Colombia Life + 80 years[53]: Art. 21  80 years from publication (cinematographic works)[53]: Art. 37  Yes[53]: Art. 28 
 Comoros Berne
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the Life + 50 years[54]: Art. 74  25 years from publication (photograph works).[54]: Art. 77 
50 years from publication (anonymous, pseudonymous or posthumous work)[54]: Art. 75  		Yes[54]: Art. 76 
 Congo, Republic of the Life + 50 years[55] 25 years from creation (photographic work and work of applied art)[55]: Art. 65 
 Costa Rica Life + 70 years[56]
 Côte d'Ivoire Life + 70 years (except posthumous works published within this period)[57]: Art. 45(1)  70 years from publication (photographic or audiovisual works or works of applied art; anonymous or pseudonymous works; posthumous works)[57]: Art. 45(3)(a–c)  Yes[57]: Art. 45 
 Croatia Life + 70 years[58]
 Cuba Life + 50 years
 Curaçao Life + 50 years[59]
 Cyprus Life + 70 years
(EU, WCT)[60]
 Czech Republic Life + 70 years[61]: Art. 27(1)  70 years from publication (anonymous works)[61]: Art. 27(3)  Yes[61]: Art. 27(7) 
 Denmark Life + 70 years[62][d]
 Djibouti Life + 50 years [64]: Art. 12  For a cinematographic work, 50 years from the date when the work was made lawfully accessible to the public with the author's consent.[64]: Art. 15 
For a photographic work or work of applied art, 25 years from the production of the work[64]: Art. 16  		Yes[64]: Art. 12 
 Dominica Life + 70 years[65]
 Dominican Republic Life + 70 years[66]
 Ecuador Life + 70 years[67]
Egypt Egypt Life + 50 years[68]
 El Salvador Life + 50 years[69]
 Equatorial Guinea Life + 80 years.[70][71] However, there are additional expiration rules in Article 38 of the Main Equatorial Guinea Intellectual Property Law which may affect this.
 Eritrea Life + 0 years but at least 50 years since publication, whichever is longer (except posthumous works)[72]: Art. 1653, 1670  50 years since publication (posthumous works)[72]: Art. 1672 
 Estonia Life + 70 years (EU)[73]: § 38(1)  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[73]: § 40  Yes[73]: § 43 
 Eswatini Life + 50 years[74]
 Ethiopia Life + 50 years[75]
 European Union Members Life + 70 years[76]: Art. 1 (1)  Anonymous or pseudonymous works only: "70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public" (Art.1(3)). Protection ends if the work is not made available within 70 years from creation. (Art.1(6)).[76]: Art. 1 (3), (6)  Yes[76]: Art. 8 (1) 
 Fiji Life + 50 years[77]
 Finland Life + 70 years[78] 50 years from publication (sound recordings, television broadcasts and sound broadcasts)[79]: Arts. 46, 48 

50 years from creation (photographic works)[79]: Art. 49a 

Yes[79]: Art. 43 
France France Life + 70 years (except posthumous works published after this term)[e][80]: Arts. L123-1, L123-2 

The following additions to copyright term formerly applied to all works, but the French Cour de Cassation has found them to be superseded by later copyright treaties, thus limiting the copyright term to life + 70 years total, at least for non-musical works of authors who did not "die for France".[81]

+ 6 years 152 days for musical work published through 1920[80]: Art. L123-8 
+ 8 years and 120 days for musical work published through 1947[80]: Art. L123-9 
+ 30 years for all works if the author died on active service[80]: Art. L123-10 

70 years from publication (pseudonymous, anonymous or collective works)[80]: Art. L123-3 

25 years from publication (posthumous works published after Art. L123-1 term)[80]: L123-4 

Yes[80]: Arts. L123-1, L123-3, L123-4, 
but not Arts. L123-8 or L123-9 
 Gabon Berne, TRIPS, WCT
 Gambia Life + 50 years[82]
 Georgia Life + 70 years[83]
Germany Germany Life + 70 years[84] 25 years from first publication or first public performance if copyright has expired before such publication or performance, or if the work has never been protected in Germany and the author died more than 70 years before the first publication[85] Yes[86]
 Ghana Life + 70 years[87]
Greece Greece Life + 70 years[f][88]: Arts. 29, 31(3)  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[88]: Art. 31(1)  Yes[88]: Arts. 29, 31 
 Grenada Berne, TRIPS[89]
 Guatemala Life + 75 years[90]: Art. 43  75 years from publication or if unpublished 75 years from creation (computer programs and collective works; anonymous or pseudonymous works; audiovisual works)[90]: Arts. 44, 45, 47  Yes[90]: Art. 48 
 Guinea TRIPS, WCT
 Guinea-Bissau Berne, TRIPS
 Guyana Life + 50 years[91]
 Haiti Berne, TRIPS[92]
 Honduras Life + 75 years[93] 70 years from publication or, if unpublished within 50 years, 70 years from creation (works of applied art and photographs)[94] Yes[94]
Hong Kong Hong Kong[g] Life + 50 years (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works with known authorship)[95]: s. 17(2) 


Life + 50 years (films)[95]: s. 19 [h]

50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works with unknown authorship)[95]: s. 17(3) 


50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (sound recordings)[96]: s. 18 
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service[96]: s. 20 
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of published editions)[96]: s. 21 

Yes[96]: s. 17, 18, 20, 21 
 Hungary Life + 70 years[97]: s. 31(1)(2) 


If there are multiple authors, life of last surviving author + 70 years[97]: s. 31(4) 

70 years and shall be counted from the first day of the year following the first disclosure of the work in case the person of the author is unknown. However, should the author become known during this period of time, the term of protection shall be counted from the first day of the year following the death of the author.[97]: s. 31(3) 

70 years counted from the first day of the year following the first disclosure of a collective work or a cinematographic creation.[97]: s. 31(5)(6) 
25 years from the first day of the year following the first disclosure if copyright protection of a scope consistent with the author's economic rights shall be due to the person who, following the expiration of the term of protection or the period of time determined in the term of protection shall be counted from a date other than the first day of the year following the death of the author, the author dying last, or the joint author, discloses according to the law a work previously not disclosed to the public.[97]: s. 31(7), 32 
As an exception expressions of folklore themselves do not, however, enjoy copyright protection in Hungary.[97]: s. 1(7) 

Yes[97]: s. 31(2) 
 Iceland Life + 70 years[98]
India India[99] Life + 60 years (except posthumous works)[i][100]: s. 22  60 years from publication (posthumous works, photographs, cinematograph films, sound recordings, works of public undertakings, and works of international organisations)[100]: ss. 24–27, 28A, 29  Yes[100]: ss. 22, 24–27, 28A, 29 
 Indonesia Life + 70 years[101] 70 years from the author's death for books, musics, etc.
50 years after publication for cinematography, photograph, etc.[101]
 Iran Life + 50 years[102] 30 years from publication (photographic or cinematographic works)[103]
 Iraq Life + 50 years[104] 5 years from publication (photographic works)[105]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Life + 70 years[106] Yes
 Israel Life + 70 years[107] 50 years from publication (photographs created until May 2007)[108] Yes[109]
 Italy Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][110]: Art. 25  		70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[110]: Art. 27 

20 years from publication (copyright of State, the provinces, the communes, the academies or public cultural organizations, or to private legal entities of a non-profit making character)

Yes[110]: s. 25, s. 32ter 
 Jamaica[111] Life + 95 years
(for authors that died in 1962 or later)[112]

Life + 50 years (for authors that died before 1962) [113]

: s. 10(1) 

95 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work, work for hire)[113]: s. 10(2), s. 13A 


95 years from creation (computer-generated work, broadcast, cable programme)[113]: s. 10(4), 12(1) 
95 years from publication or if unpublished 95 years from creation (sound recording or film)[113]: s. 11 
50 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)[113]: s. 13 

Yes[113]: s. 10, 11, 12, 13 
Japan Japan Life + 70 years[114][115]: Art. 51(2)  70 years from publication, or if unpublished, 70 years from creation (cinematographic works)[115]: Art. 54(1) 

70 years from publication, or if unpublished, 70 years from creation (works of a legal person or other corporate body)[116][115]: Art. 53(1) 
70 years from creation (cinematographic works), and 38 years after the film director's death (for films released before 1971), whichever comes last.: Art. 3 : Art. 22(3) 

Yes[115]: Art. 57 
Jordan Jordan Life + 50 years[117]
 Kazakhstan Life + 50 years[118]
 Kenya Life + 50 years (literary, musical or artistic work other than photographs)[119]: s. 23(2)1  50 years from the latest of creation or publication (audio-visual works and photographs)[119]: s. 23(2)  Yes[119]: s. 23 
 Kiribati Life + 50 years[82]
 Kosovo Life only Yes
 North Korea Life + 50 years[120] Works authored by "an institution, enterprise or organization", 50 years from publication[120]
 South Korea Life + 70 years (amended on 2011-06-30)[121]: Art. 39  70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[121]: Art. 40 

70 years from publication, or if unpublished within 50 years, 70 years from creation (works made for hire, cinematographic works)[121]: Art. 41 

Yes[121]: Art. 44 
 Kuwait TRIPS[122]
 Kyrgyzstan Life + 50 years[123]
 Laos Life + 50 years[j] 50 years after making available. Also:
• Anonymous/pseudonymous work: 50 years from the date the work was made available to the public;
• Cinematographic work: 50 years from making available, failing that, 50 years from making;
• Applied art: 25 years from date of creation.

Related: Performances, phonograms, broadcasts: 50 years since the date of performance, fixation, and broadcast, respectively.

 Latvia Life + 70 years[126]: Art. 36 
[Life + 50 years][127] 		70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[128] Yes[126]: Art. 38 
 Lebanon Life + 50 years[129] 50 years after lawful publication; failing publication, 50 years after work completion. Also:
• economic rights: 50 years from performance.
• moral rights: perpetual
• broadcasters' rights: 20 years after first broadcasting.[130]
 Lesotho Life + 50 years[82]
 Liberia Life + 50 years[131]
 Libya Life + 25 years with 50-year minimum (as of 1968; may have changed since)
 Liechtenstein Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][132]
 Lithuania Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][133]
 Luxembourg Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][134]
 Macau[g] Life + 50 years[135]: Art. 21(1)  50 years from publication (anonymous works)[135]: Art. 23 


50 years from publication (audiovisual works)[135]: Art. 106 
25 years from completion (works of applied art)[135]: Art. 148 

Yes[135]: Art. 21(3) 
 Madagascar Life + 70 years[136]
 Malawi Life + 50 years[137]
Malaysia Malaysia[138] Life + 50 years (literary, musical and artistic works, not posthumous)[139]: s. 17(1)  50 years after publication (posthumous work, published edition, film, live performance)[139]: s. 17(2), s. 18, s. 22, s. 23A 

50 years after publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (anonymous, pseudonymous work, sound recording, broadcast, film)[139]: s. 17(3), s. 19 
50 years after being made (broadcast)[139]: s. 20 

Yes[139]: s. 17(2), (3), s. 18, s. 19, s. 20, s. 22, s. 23A 
 Maldives Life + 50 years[140]
 Mali Life + 50 years[141]
 Malta Life + 70 years[142] Yes[142]
 Marshall Islands 0, no copyright.[k][143][144] At this stage the Republic of Marshall Islands is not member to any international convention [or treaty] on copyright[145] Instead applies a non-copyright-based protection regime. 0, no copyright.[k] Instead applies a non-copyright-based protection regime.
 Mauritania Berne, TRIPS
 Mauritius Life + 50 years[146]
 Mexico Life + 100 years (effective 23 July 2003 non-retroactively)[147]


Life + 75 years (before the law change on 23 July 2003, applicable for deaths before 23 July 1928)[148]
Life + 50 years (before the law change on 1 January 1994, applicable for deaths before 1 January 1944)[149]
Life + 30 years (before the law change on 11 January 1982, applicable for deaths before 1 January 1952)

  • 75 years from the first fixation of the recording or the first performance/recording of the performance, respectively.
  • 50 years from first publication of the book, the first fixation of the recording, or the first broadcast.
 Yes (Gregorian calendar)
 Micronesia Life + 50 years[150]
 Moldova Life + 70 years[151]
 Monaco Life + 50 years[152]
 Mongolia Life + 50 years[153]
 Montenegro[l] Life + 70 years[154]
 Morocco Life + 50 years[155] 70 years after a work's lawful publication; if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the making, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's communication to the public; if no lawful communication to the public has taken place within 50 years of the making, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work is made; and

moral rights last perpetually.

70 years for Performers' rights, if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the performance, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's first performance.

70 years for Broadcasters' rights: if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the work's creation, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's creation.[156]

 Mozambique Life + 70 years[157]
 Myanmar TRIPS
 Namibia Life + 50 years (except posthumous works)[158]: s. 3(2)(a)  50 years from publication (posthumous works)[158]: s. 3(2)(a) 

50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (cinematograph films, photographs and computer programs)[158]: s. 3(2)(b) 

Yes[158]: s. 3 
 Nauru Life + 50 years[159][160]: s. 2(3), s. 3(4)  50 years after publication (sound recordings,[159][160]: s. 12(3)  cinematograph films[159][160]: s. 13(3)(b)  (except for newsreels, or if registered under the Cinematograph Films Act 1938),[159][160]: Second  television and sound broadcasts,[159][160]: s. 14(2)  photographs,[159][160]: s. 3(4)(b)  engravings,[159][160]: s. 3(4)(a)  posthumous literary, dramatic and musical works[159][160]: s. 2(3)  and anonymous literary, dramatic and musical works)[159][160]: Second Schedule 

25 years after publication (published editions of literary, dramatic or musical works)[159][160]: s. 15(2) 
50 years after occurrence of event (newsreels)[159][160]: s. 13(8) 
50 years after death of last author to die (works of joint authorship)[159][160]: Third Schedule 

Yes[159][160]
   Nepal Life + 50 years 25 years from creation (applied art and photographic work)[161]
Netherlands Netherlands Life + 70 years[162] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work, corporate works with no listed natural author)[163]

25 years from publication (works first published more than 70 years after the death of the author)[164]

Yes[165]
 Caribbean Netherlands Life + 50 years[166]
New Zealand New Zealand Life + 50 years (literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work)[167]: s. 22(1)  50 years from creation (computer-generated work)[167]: s. 22(2)  Yes[167]: s. 22 
 Nicaragua Life + 70 years[168]
 Niger Life + 50 years[169]
 Nigeria Life + 70 years (literary, musical or artistic works other than photographs)[170] 70 years from publication (literary, musical or non-photograph artistic works in the case of government or a body corporate)


50 years from publication (cinematograph films and photographs)
50 years from publication (sound recordings)
50 years from publication (broadcasts)[170]

Yes[170]
 North Macedonia Life + 70 years[171]
 Norway Life + 70 years


Life + 15 years, but no less than 50 years after publication ("'simple' photographs")[172][173]

70 years following the year of death of the author (i.e. an author that died in 1950 will have their works protected until 1 January 2021). In a collective or joint work, this is counted from the death of the longest surviving author. For a motion picture, the following are to be considered authors: main director, scriptwriter, dialogue author, and composer of original musical score.

70 years for anonymous works from the year when the work was created. If such an unpublished work, whose copyright has expired, is then later published, the publisher is entitled for a copyright for 25 years from the year of publication[172]

One exception from the rule is works that are already in public domain in their country of origin who are members of the Berne Union and/or WTO. These will enter public domain in Norway once they enter public domain in the country of their origin even if less than 70 years have passed since the creators' death.[174]

"Norway also has some peculiar laws that protect «simple» photographs. I.e. photographs, such as snapshots, that are below the threshold of originality to merit copyright protection are given neighbouring rights protection. [..] The Norwegian copyright act does not address public domain directly. The Norwegian copyright law defines two basic rights for authors: economic rights and moral rights. [..] For material that is outside the scope of copyright, the phrase «i det fri» («in the free») is used. This corresponds roughly to the term «public domain» in English. Norwegian copyright law makes a distinction between copyright and neighbouring rights. Only creative and artistic works are subject to copyright. Some other types of works are protected by so-called neighbouring rights."[172]

Yes[173]
Oman Oman Life + 70 years[175] 90 years from the year following the publication

120 years from the year following the completion[176]

Yes
Pakistan Pakistan Life + 50 years[177] Yes[177]
 Palau Life + 50 years[178]
 Panama Life + 70 years[179] Yes
 Papua New Guinea Life + 50 years[180]
 Paraguay Life + 70 years[181]
 Peru Life + 70 years[182]
Philippines Philippines Life + 50 years[183]: s. 213.1  50 years from publication (photographic works), or 50 years from creation if unpublished within 50 years of creation[183]: s. 213.5  Yes[183]: s. 214 
Poland Poland Life + 70 years[184]
 Portugal Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][185]
 Qatar Life + 50 years[186]
 Romania Life + 70 years[187]
Russia Russia Life + 70 years[188]

Life + 74 years (for those who fought in or worked during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945))

Date of rehabilitation + 70 (74) years (for unlawfully prosecuted and posthumously rehabilitated)

Protection applies if copyright term of Life + 50 years (or Life + 54 years) did not expire by 1 January 1993.[189]

50 years from publication (radio and television broadcasts)[190]

50 years from creation if unpublished, or 50 years from publication (sound records)[191]

70 years from publication (anonymous works)[188]

70 years from publication if published within 70 years from death (posthumous publication)

70 years from publication if published before 3 August 1993 by a corporation (cinematographic, television, radio works, print periodicals and compilations).[189] Protection term applies to "the whole work" only, i.e. individual authors of each protectable part of the whole work retain their own copyright[192]

All works published prior to October Revolution (7 November 1917) are believed to be uncopyrighted.

 Rwanda Berne, TRIPS
 Saint Helena Life + 50 years
 St. Kitts and Nevis Life + 50 years[82]
 St. Lucia Life + 50 years[193]
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Life + 75 years (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work)[194] 75 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (sound recording or film)[194]: s. 9(1) 


50 years from creation (computer-generated work)[194]: s. 8(4) 
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service[194]: s. 10(1) 

Yes[194]: ss. 8–10 
 Samoa Life + 75 years[195]
 San Marino Life + 50 years[196]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Life + 70 years[197]
 Saudi Arabia Life + 50 years[198] The period of copyright for the author of a work shall be for the duration of his life and for a period of fifty years following his death.[199]
 Senegal Life + 70 years[200]
Serbia Serbia[m] Life + 70 years[154]
 Seychelles Life + 50 years[201] 50 years from publication (audio-visual works)[201]: s. 9(1)(ii), (v) 

25 years from creation (applied art)[201]: s. 9(1)(iv) 

Yes[201]: s. 9(1) 
 Sierra Leone Life + 50 years[202]: s. 21  50 years from publication (photograph, film, or broadcast)[202]: s. 25 

50 years from creation (sound recording)[202]: s. 23 

 Singapore[203] Life + 70 years (except posthumous work)[204][205]: s. 28(2)  70 years from publication (posthumous work, photograph)[205]: s. 28(3), (6) 


70 years from publication (sound recordings and cinematograph films)[205]: s. 92, 93 
50 years after making (television broadcasts, sound broadcasts, cable programmes)[205]: s. 94, 95 
25 years from publication (published editions of works)[205]: s. 96 

Yes[205]: ss. 28, 92–96 
 Sint Maarten Life + 50 years[59]
 Slovakia Life + 70 years[206]
 Slovenia Life + 70 years[207]
 Solomon Islands Life + 50 years[208]
 Somalia Very unclear. See the discussion at Commons.
South Africa South Africa Life + 50 years (literary or musical works or artistic works, other than photographs)[209]: s. 3(2)(a)  50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (cinematography films, photographs, computer programs)[209]: s. 3(2)(b) 

50 years from publication (sound recordings; broadcasts; programme-carrying signals; and published editions)[209]: s. 3(2)(c) 

Yes[209]: s. 3 
Spain Spain Life + 70 years (for authors that died on or after December 7, 1987)


Life + 80 years (for authors that died before December 7, 1987)

[210]

Yes[210]: Art. 30 
 Sri Lanka Life + 70 years[211] 70 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from completion (audiovisual work)[211]
25 years from publication (applied art)[211] 		Yes[211]
 Sudan Life + 50 years[212]: s. 13(2)  25 years from publication (photographic pictures and cinematographic films and other audiovisual works; works published under unknown pseudonym or anonymously)[212]: s. 13(3)(a), (c) 
 Suriname Life + 50 years[213] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work) (art. 39) Yes
 Sweden Life + 70 years[214] Yes[214]
Switzerland Switzerland Life + 70 years effective 1 July 1993 non-retroactively, but Life + 50 years for computer programs[215]


[Life + 50 years (before the law change on 1 July 1993, applicable for deaths through 1942)][216]

50 years after performance (performers' rights)[217]: Art. 39  Yes[217]: Art. 32 
 Syria Life + 50 years[218]: Art. 22  10 years from production (photographic, fine arts or plastic arts)[218]: Art. 25 
Taiwan Taiwan (Republic of China) Life + 50 years (except posthumous works first published 40 to 50 years after death)[219]: Art. 30  50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[219]: Art. 32 


50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (corporate works; photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances)[219]: Arts. 33, 34 
10 years from publication (posthumous works first published 40 to 50 years after death)[219]: Art. 30 

Yes[219]: Art. 35 
Tajikistan Tajikistan Berne
 Tanzania Life + 50 years[220]
Thailand Thailand Life + 50 years[221] 50 years from publication or 50 years from creation if not published within 50 years from creation
 Timor Leste Life + 50 years[222]
 Togo Life + 50 years[223]
 Tonga Life + 50 years[224]
 Trinidad and Tobago Life + 50 years[225]
 Tunisia Life + 50 years[226]
  • Authors' rights :
    • economic rights: reproduction right; right of adaptation and translation; public performance right; broadcasting right; right of communication to the public by cable or satellite or any other means; right of communication of a broadcast work in a public place.
    • moral rights: right to claim authorship; right to object modification; right of disclosure; right of withdrawal.
  • Performers' rights: The law contains no provisions regarding performers.
  • Broadcasters' rights: The law contains no provisions regarding broadcasters.[227]
Turkey Turkey Life + 70 years[228] 70 years from publication for work-for-hire
 Turkmenistan Life + 50 years[229]
 Tuvalu Life + 50 years[82]
 Uganda Life + 50 years[230] 50 years from publication (corporate works, anonymous works, and computer programs)[230]
 Ukraine Life + 70 years
[Life + 50 years (1994–2001)][231] 		70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
70 years from publication (published within 30 years from authors' deaths)[231] 		Yes[231]
 United Arab Emirates Life + 50 years[232]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Life + 70 years

If there are multiple authors, life of last surviving author + 70 years[233]: s. 12 

For films, life + 70 years for the last to die of: principal director, author of screenplay, author of dialogue, or composer of music specifically created for and used in the film.[233]: s. 13B 

70 years if the author is unknown

70 years after release; if not released, 70 years after making (sound recordings).[234] Recordings which entered the public domain prior to 1 January 2013 are not retroactively covered.

50 years from end of calendar year when the broadcast was first made (broadcasts)[233]: s. 14 

Yes[233]: s. 12, 13 
United States United States[235] Life + 70 years (works published since 1978 or unpublished works)[236] 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter (anonymous works, pseudonymous works, or works made for hire, published since 1978)[237]

95 years from publication for works published 1964–1977; 28 (if copyright not renewed) or 95 years from publication for works published 1929–1963 (copyrights prior to 1929 have expired, not including copyrights on sound recordings fixed prior to 15 February 1972, covered only under state laws.)[238]

Yes[239]
Universal Copyright Convention minimum terms Life + 25 years (general works)[240] 25 years from publication (specific works not based on authors' deaths)[240]

10 years (photographic works or to works of applied art)[241]

 Uruguay Life + 70 years[242] 70 years after the work is made available (anonymous and pseudonymous works)[243]

70 years from publication (collective works)[243]

Yes[243]
 Uzbekistan Life + 70 years[244]
 Vanuatu Life + 50 years[245] 25 years after the work is made (works of applied art)[245]

50 years after the latest of: the date the work is made, the date the work is made available to the public or the date of first publication (works published anonymously or under a pseudonym, collective works and audiovisual works)[245]
50 years after the death of the last author to die (works of joint authorship)[245]

Yes[245]
 Vatican City Life + 70 years[246]
 Venezuela Life + 60 years[247]: Art. 25  60 years from publication; 60 years from creation if unpublished (an audiovisual work, a broadcast work or a computer program)[247]: Art. 37 

60 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[247]: Art. 27 

Yes[247]: Arts. 25–27 
 Vietnam Berne
 Yemen Life + 30 years 10 years from the date of issue from 1 January of the year of issue for photographs;

25 years from the date of production from 1 January of the production year for motion picture or television film.[248]

After expiry of copyright, the work "may be announced to be the ownership of the State" (emphasis added).[248]

 Zambia Life + 50 years[249]
 Zimbabwe Life + 50 years[250][251]: s. 5(3), 6(3)(a)  50 years from publication (photographs)[251]: s. 6(3)(b) 


50 years from creation (Sound recordings)[251]: s. 16(2) 
50 years from publication (cinematograph films, broadcasts)[251]: s. 17(2), s. 18(2) 

Yes[251]: s. 6, 16–18 

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Terms of protection were taken from a variety of sources, including WIPO, UNESCO and the University of Pennsylvania (see External links). Where no more specific information is available for a country, an indication of its probable minimum copyright term can be gained from its status as:
    • a signatory of the Berne Convention ("Berne"); minimum term of life + 50 years, except for photographs.
    • a member of the WTO ("TRIPS"); minimum term of life + 50 years.
    • a candidate for membership of the European Union ("EU"); term must be life + 70 years before accession.
  2. ^ An audiovisual work is copyrighted in Andorra for the same term, computed from the last of the following persons to survive: the principal director, the author of the scenario, the author of the dialogue and the composer of music specifically created for the audiovisual work.
  3. ^ A cinematographic work is copyrighted in Austria for the same term, computed from the last surviving person among the following: the principal director of the film and the authors of the screenplay, the dialogues and the musical work specially created for the cinematographic work.
  4. ^ Examples of protected works are literature, music, theatre, film, the visual arts – including photography, architecture, decorative arts – and computer programmes. It is the expression of the work which is protected – that is to say, the work's singular design or presentation. Copyright applies from the moment of creation of the work. Thus, protection does not depend on any kind of registration.[63]
  5. ^ An audiovisual work is copyrighted in France for the same term, computed from the last surviving person among the following: the author of the scenario, the author of the dialogue, the author of the musical compositions, with or without words, specially composed for the work and the main director.
  6. ^ An audiovisual work is copyrighted in Greece for the same term, computed from the last of the following persons to survive: the principal director, the author of the screenplay, the author of the dialogue and the composer of the music specifically created for use in the audiovisual work.
  7. ^ a b The Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau have their own status, distinct from that of the rest of China, under international copyright and trade law
  8. ^ Computed from the last of the following persons with known identity to survive: (a) the principal director; (b) the author of the screenplay; (c) the author of the dialogue; or (d) the composer of music specially created for and used in the film.
  9. ^ Literary, dramatic, musical, and non-photograph artistic works.
  10. ^ The law entered into force 16 January 2012.[124][125]
  11. ^ a b Unauthorized sale or commercial use of sound & audio-visual recordings is prohibited (Unauthorized Copies of Recorded Materials Act, 1991).
  12. ^ Montenegro is assumed to have succeeded to the copyright obligations of Serbia and Montenegro. See Serbia also.
  13. ^ Serbia is deemed to be a successor state of Serbia and Montenegro, which itself was a successor state to Yugoslavia for international copyright treaties, notably the Berne Convention, effective 17 June 1930

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External links[edit]

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